Policing the Next Enemy: From Cyber...

The availability of security device and software in the black market is a prerequisite for the perpetration of cybercrimes such as credit card theft, online scams or identity theft. Cybercriminals and terrorists have a great advantage to coordinate large scale attacks and crimes with the help of information and communication technologies with minimal effort such as generating funds from small value transactions in order to finance terrorist attacks (Webb & Tomalewicz, 2016). The speed and anonymity of cyber-attacks makes it distinctive among perpetrators (terrorists, criminals, and nation states). Jihadist tendencies usually require little finance, for example the United Nations evaluated London bombings in 2005 at around $14,000, while the French Finance Minister Michel Sapin evaluated that of the Paris attacks in November 2015 to approximately $32,000. Contrary to coordinated attacks of 9/11 which were reported to have cost between $400,000 and $500,000 according to the final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. There has been a large increase in the volume of cyber-attacks by organised criminal networks